Foundations of Data Science in R

IMDb

Consider a database of information from IMDb.

IMDb

21 tables in the imdb database! Lots of details on movies, TV series, video games, and more. Today interest is in movies (and details within, like actors and ratings).

SHOW TABLES;

Displaying records 1 - 10
Tables_in_imdb
aka_name
aka_title
cast_info
char_name
comp_cast_type
company_name
company_type
complete_cast
info_type
keyword

IMDb - glance through tables

SELECT * FROM kind_type
LIMIT 0, 10;

7 records
id	kind
1	movie
2	tv series
3	tv movie
4	video movie
5	tv mini series
6	video game
7	episode

`JOIN` IMDb title + votes

In the imdb database, the title table includes information about the 4,626,322 titles in the database, including the id, title, kind_id (indicator for the kind of ID it is), and production_year. It does not, however, include the review of the title.

SELECT * FROM title LIMIT 0, 10;

Displaying records 1 - 10
id	title	kind_id	production_year	phonetic_code	episode_of_id	season_nr	episode_nr	md5sum
78460	Adults Recat to the Simpsons (30th Anniversary)	7	2017	A3432	78406			2ae09eed7d576cc2c24774fed5b18168
70273	(2016-05-18)	7	2016		68058			511dfc14cfff7589d29a95abb30cd66a
60105	(2014-04-11)	7	2014		59138			c6cdce7e667e07713e431805c407feed
32120	(2008-05-01)	7	2008		32060			100df65742caf5afd092b2e0ead67d8e
97554	SchmÃ¶lders Traum	7	2001	S2543	97302	10	1	46862a2f96f9fb2d59e8c9a11ecfdd28
57966	(#1.1)	7	2013		57965	1	1	409c37703766c4b24f8a86162fd9cf85
76391	Anniversary	7	1971	A5162	76385	4	9	5e12ce73fac1d1dcf94136b6e9acd8f8
11952	Angus Black/Lester Barrie/DC Curry	7	2009	A5214	11937	4	7	9c38b9e5601dc154444b73b518034aa1
1554	New Orleans	7	2003	N6452	1508	2	11	621bea735740a547e862e4a3226f35d2
58442	Kiss Me Kate	7	2011	K2523	58436	1	10	293e8c75c7f35a4035abf617962be5a9

`JOIN` IMDb title + votes

The movie_info_idx table does not contain much information about each particular film. It does, however, have an indicator for the movie ID (given by movie_id) as well as the number of votes (given by info where type_id = 100).

SELECT * FROM movie_info_idx LIMIT 0, 6;

6 records
id	movie_id	info_type_id	info
1	1	99	31.2.1..2.
2	1	100	9
3	1	101	4.1
4	2	99	1000000102
5	2	100	61
6	2	101	6.4

`JOIN` IMDb title + votes

combine the titles with the number of votes so that each title with user votes is included (INNER JOIN)

SELECT title.id,
       title.title,
       movie_info_idx.info
FROM title
JOIN movie_info_idx ON title.id = movie_info_idx.movie_id 
WHERE title.production_year = 2015 
    AND title.kind_id = 1                  # movies only
    AND movie_info_idx.info_type_id = 100  # info_type is votes
    AND movie_info_idx.info > 150000       # at least 150,000 votes
ORDER BY movie_info_idx.info DESC
LIMIT 0, 20;

Displaying records 1 - 10
id	title	info
4260166	Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens	691691
3915213	Mad Max: Fury Road	666484
4389619	The Martian	583987
3313672	Avengers: Age of Ultron	540606
4414139	The Revenant	526189
3787790	Jurassic World	471237
3752999	Inside Out	443051
3292159	Ant-Man	390965
4364483	The Hateful Eight	363199
4251736	Spectre	319875

Some aspects of the query are worth pointing out:

The variables in the output are given in the SELECT clause. The id and title (both from the title table) and the info from the movie_info_idx which represents the number of IMDb votes.
The variables are preceded by the table from which they came. While not always necessary, it is good practice so as to avoid confusion.
The JOIN happens by linking the id variable in the title table with the movie_id variable in the movie_info_idx table.
The LIMIT wasn’t necessary (there are only 12 observations), but it’s good practice so that we don’t end up with unwieldy query results.
The WHERE clause happens before the JOIN action, despite being written after.
In the WHERE clause, we keep only movies, only 2015 production year, and only at least 150,000 votes.

`JOIN` IMDb title + actress

cast_info contains the person_id and the movie_id

SELECT * FROM cast_info LIMIT 0, 10;

Displaying records 1 - 10
id	person_id	movie_id	person_role_id	note	nr_order	role_id
1	1	3432997	1		31	1
2	2	1901690	2			1
3	3	4027567	2		25	1
4	3	4282876	3		22	1
5	4	3542672			12	1
6	5	3331520	4	(as $hutter Boy)	10	1
7	5	4027191	2	(as $hutter Boy)	1	1
8	5	4195731	5	(uncredited)		1
9	5	4263956	6	(uncredited)		1
10	5	4267787	7	(uncredited)		1

person_role_id is 1 if actor and 2 if actress

`JOIN` IMDb title + actress

aka_name contains person_id and name (of actor)

SELECT * FROM aka_name LIMIT 0, 10;

Displaying records 1 - 10
id	person_id	name	name_pcode_cf	name_pcode_nf	surname_pcode	md5sum
1	6188450	Smith, Jessica Noel	S5325	J2542	S53	25c9d464e3ff2957533546aa92b397ed
2	5125059	Pain, L. $ham	P545	L515	P5	569b1e885ccb51211c01753f0dad9b2c
3	5	Boy, $h u t t e r \| \| B 36 \| H 361 \| B \| 35092 b 5604 c e 378 f c 48 c 8 a 6 f c 0038 a 49 \| \| 4 \| 4152053 \| D o l l a s i g n, T y \| \| D 4253 \| T 3425 \| D 425 \| 0 f 565 a 2 d 8027 c f b 8 e d 6 c 5 f 4 b b a 719 f c d \| \| 5 \| 4152053 \| S i g n, T y D o l l a \| \| S 2534 \| T 3425 \| S 25 \| 2 e d e d 1 b 021 b 96333 b 4 b 74 e 0 f e c 959650 \| \| 6 \| 6 \| M o o r e, B r a n d o n \| \| M 6165 \| B 6535 \| M 6 \| 193 a 6 f 5 a d f 4756320 f 622162 d 2475608 \| \| 7 \| 8 \|$ torm, Country	T6525	C5363	T65	1654400b707d34323ea392b87060e6cc
8	19	‘Hooper’, Simon P.J. Kelly	H1625	S5124	H16	3fd8885372c23f8c74e583da91d1fd05
9	19	Hooper	H16			24ddc68ab605ee95857ad45b65ffa2d8
10	19	Kelly, Simon P.J.	K4251	S5124	K4	33d976f22e276b73c61513bc5f6e72a6

`JOIN` IMDb title + actress

title contains id and title (of the movie)

SELECT * FROM title LIMIT 0, 10;

Displaying records 1 - 10
id	title	kind_id	production_year	phonetic_code	episode_of_id	season_nr	episode_nr	md5sum
78460	Adults Recat to the Simpsons (30th Anniversary)	7	2017	A3432	78406			2ae09eed7d576cc2c24774fed5b18168
70273	(2016-05-18)	7	2016		68058			511dfc14cfff7589d29a95abb30cd66a
60105	(2014-04-11)	7	2014		59138			c6cdce7e667e07713e431805c407feed
32120	(2008-05-01)	7	2008		32060			100df65742caf5afd092b2e0ead67d8e
97554	SchmÃ¶lders Traum	7	2001	S2543	97302	10	1	46862a2f96f9fb2d59e8c9a11ecfdd28
57966	(#1.1)	7	2013		57965	1	1	409c37703766c4b24f8a86162fd9cf85
76391	Anniversary	7	1971	A5162	76385	4	9	5e12ce73fac1d1dcf94136b6e9acd8f8
11952	Angus Black/Lester Barrie/DC Curry	7	2009	A5214	11937	4	7	9c38b9e5601dc154444b73b518034aa1
1554	New Orleans	7	2003	N6452	1508	2	11	621bea735740a547e862e4a3226f35d2
58442	Kiss Me Kate	7	2011	K2523	58436	1	10	293e8c75c7f35a4035abf617962be5a9

`JOIN` IMDb title + actress

Goal: identify the actresses in those movies with the highest number of votes.

SELECT DISTINCT t.title,
       idx.info,
       a.person_id,
       n.name
FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON t.id = idx.movie_id 
JOIN cast_info AS a ON idx.movie_id = a.movie_id
JOIN aka_name AS n ON a.person_id = n.person_id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015 
    AND t.kind_id = 1           # movies only
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100  # info_type is votes
    AND idx.info > 150000       # at least 150,000 votes
    AND a.role_id = 2           # actresses only
ORDER BY a.person_id
LIMIT 0, 50;

Displaying records 1 - 10
title	info	person_id	name
Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation	266759	2674172	Sofz
Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation	266759	2674172	Sof
Focus	172680	2678594	Labouisse, Kate
Mad Max: Fury Road	666484	2681098	Michelle, Debra
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2	214569	2685496	Harris, Ahnie
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2	214569	2685496	Harris, Jasmine
Creed	183904	2686218	Kareema, Kiana A.
Ant-Man	390965	2687271	Akana, Anna Kay
Inside Out	443051	2689505	Allen, Lori
Inside Out	443051	2689505	Denniberg, Lori Alan

Connecting the most popular movies of 2015 with the actresses in those movies requires a series of JOINs. Note that to make the code less onerous, the title table has been aliased by t, the movie_info_idx table has been aliased by idx, the cast_info table has been aliased by a, and the aka_name table has been aliased by n.

There is a lot of data cleaning to do as some of the person_id values are one to many!! That is, the person_id matches multiple names in the aka_name database.

Other `JOIN`s

Let’s look at RIGHT JOIN and LEFT JOIN using two new smaller tables.

The first has seven movies in it (from 2015 with at least 400,000 IMDb votes).
The second consists of almost 3 million actresses (person_role_id = 2). In order to find a subset of actresses, the person_id > 3900000 was set arbitrarily (in order to have a smaller group with which to work).

Using subqueries, we can JOIN the two datasets using different JOIN techniques.

movies:

SELECT t.id,
       t.title,
       idx.info,
       (SELECT COUNT(*)
       FROM title AS t
       JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
       WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
             AND t.kind_id = 1
             AND idx.info_type_id = 100
             AND idx.info > 400000) AS row_count
FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
    AND t.kind_id = 1             # movies only
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100    # info_type is votes
    AND idx.info > 400000         # at least 400,000 votes
ORDER BY idx.info DESC;

7 records
id	title	info	row_count
4260166	Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens	691691	7
3915213	Mad Max: Fury Road	666484	7
4389619	The Martian	583987	7
3313672	Avengers: Age of Ultron	540606	7
4414139	The Revenant	526189	7
3787790	Jurassic World	471237	7
3752999	Inside Out	443051	7

actresses:


SELECT a.person_id,
       a.movie_id,
       n.name,
       (SELECT COUNT(*)
       FROM cast_info AS a
       JOIN aka_name AS n ON a.person_id = n.person_id
       WHERE a.person_role_id = 2  
             AND a.person_id > 390000) AS row_count
FROM cast_info AS a
JOIN aka_name AS n ON a.person_id = n.person_id
       WHERE a.person_role_id = 2  
             AND a.person_id > 3900000
LIMIT 0, 20;

Displaying records 1 - 10
person_id	movie_id	name	row_count
3900141	759802	Simons, Rita Joanne	2904759
3902258	4365829	Singer, Rabbi Tovia	2904759
3902699	3109788	Singh, Sabine Erika	2904759
3903035	3215866	Val	2904759
3904831	2468067	Masha	2904759
3904928	3654347	Fei, Siu Yin	2904759
3904928	3654347	Hsiao, Yen-fei	2904759
3904928	3654347	Siu, Yinfei	2904759
3904928	3654347	Xiao, Yanfei	2904759
3904928	3654347	Yin-Fai, Siu	2904759

Inner `JOIN`

With an inner JOIN, there are 32 rows corresponding to all the actresses in the seven 2015 films with the most votes. Because the JOIN is an intersection of the two tables, only the actresses with person_id above 3900000 are included.

SELECT * FROM
(SELECT t.id,
       t.title
FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               # movies only
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      # info_type is votes
    AND idx.info > 400000) AS movs  # at least 400,000 votes     
INNER JOIN (SELECT a.person_id,
       a.movie_id,
       n.name
    FROM cast_info AS a
    JOIN aka_name AS n ON a.person_id = n.person_id
    WHERE a.role_id = 2             # acresses only
        AND a.person_id > 3900000) AS acts ON acts.movie_id = movs.id
LIMIT 0, 300;

Displaying records 1 - 10
id	title	person_id	movie_id	name
3313672	Avengers: Age of Ultron	3916648	3313672	Smulders, Jacoba Francisca Maria
3752999	Inside Out	4122876	3752999	Kuzniar, Lennon Wynn
3787790	Jurassic World	3938423	3787790	Norvell, Ingrid
3787790	Jurassic World	3938423	3787790	Norvell, Ingrid
3787790	Jurassic World	3950111	3787790	Sallaway, Seannon Jane
3787790	Jurassic World	4079047	3787790	Washington, Kelly Lynn
3787790	Jurassic World	4079047	3787790	Washington, Kelly Lynn
3787790	Jurassic World	4084626	3787790	Weeks, Jency
3787790	Jurassic World	4084626	3787790	Jenc
3787790	Jurassic World	4084626	3787790	Little J

`RIGHT JOIN`

With a RIGHT JOIN, there are more than 300 rows (the LIMIT clause keeps us from knowing how many rows, but there are a LOT!) corresponding to all the actresses whose person_id above 3900000 are included. Those actresses who acted in one of the seven top 2015 films are also included in the full results table, but they don’t happen to be in the truncated output here.

SELECT * FROM
(SELECT t.id,
       t.title
FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               # movies only
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      # info_type is votes
    AND idx.info > 400000) AS movs  # at least 400,000 votes     
RIGHT JOIN (SELECT a.person_id,
       a.movie_id,
       n.name
    FROM cast_info AS a
    JOIN aka_name AS n ON a.person_id = n.person_id
    WHERE a.role_id = 2             # acresses only
        AND a.person_id > 3900000) AS acts ON acts.movie_id = movs.id
LIMIT 0, 300;

Displaying records 1 - 10
person_id	movie_id	name
3900001	3355298	Simonis, Heidi
3900001	3509490	Simonis, Heidi
3900001	3739780	Simonis, Heidi
3900001	3943329	Simonis, Heidi
3900001	165963	Simonis, Heidi
3900001	268249	Simonis, Heidi
3900001	268370	Simonis, Heidi
3900001	268406	Simonis, Heidi
3900001	268475	Simonis, Heidi
3900001	279082	Simonis, Heidi

`LEFT JOIN`

With a LEFT JOIN, there are 33 rows corresponding to the actresses in the seven top 2015 movies. Only The Revenant did not have any actresses whose person_id is greater than 3900000.

SELECT * FROM
(SELECT t.id,
       t.title
FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               # movies only
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      # info_type is votes
    AND idx.info > 400000) AS movs  # at least 400,000 votes     
LEFT JOIN (SELECT a.person_id,
       a.movie_id,
       n.name
    FROM cast_info AS a
    JOIN aka_name AS n ON a.person_id = n.person_id
    WHERE a.role_id = 2             # acresses only
        AND a.person_id > 3900000) AS acts ON acts.movie_id = movs.id
LIMIT 0, 300;

Displaying records 1 - 10
id	title	person_id	movie_id	name
3313672	Avengers: Age of Ultron	3916648	3313672	Smulders, Jacoba Francisca Maria
3752999	Inside Out	4122876	3752999	Kuzniar, Lennon Wynn
3787790	Jurassic World	3938423	3787790	Norvell, Ingrid
3787790	Jurassic World	3938423	3787790	Norvell, Ingrid
3787790	Jurassic World	3950111	3787790	Sallaway, Seannon Jane
3787790	Jurassic World	4079047	3787790	Washington, Kelly Lynn
3787790	Jurassic World	4079047	3787790	Washington, Kelly Lynn
3787790	Jurassic World	4084626	3787790	Weeks, Jency
3787790	Jurassic World	4084626	3787790	Jenc
3787790	Jurassic World	4084626	3787790	Little J

Counting repeat actresses

We might, for example, want to know how many names / spellings of a name with a specific person_id (above 3900000) exist for each person_id in each of the top voted seven films of 2015.

SELECT acts.person_id, 
       COUNT(*) AS num_repeat_names
FROM (SELECT t.id,
       t.title
FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               # movies only
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      # info_type is votes
    AND idx.info > 400000) AS movs  # at least 400,000 votes
JOIN (SELECT a.person_id,
       a.movie_id,
       n.name
    FROM cast_info AS a
    JOIN aka_name AS n ON a.person_id = n.person_id
    WHERE a.role_id = 2             # acresses only
        AND a.person_id > 3900000) AS acts ON acts.movie_id = movs.id
GROUP BY acts.person_id;

Displaying records 1 - 10
person_id	num_repeat_names
3916648	1
4122876	1
3938423	2
3950111	1
4079047	2
4084626	3
4099458	1
3958614	1
3990819	2
4081131	2

Counting number of actresses per film

We might, for example, want to know how many actresses with a specific person_id (above 3900000) are in each of the top voted seven films of 2015.

SELECT movs.id, 
       movs.title,
       COUNT(*) AS num_actress
FROM (SELECT t.id,
       t.title
FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               # movies only
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      # info_type is votes
    AND idx.info > 400000) AS movs  # at least 400,000 votes
JOIN (SELECT a.person_id,
       a.movie_id,
       n.name
    FROM cast_info AS a
    JOIN aka_name AS n ON a.person_id = n.person_id
    WHERE a.role_id = 2             # acresses only
        AND a.person_id > 3900000) AS acts ON acts.movie_id = movs.id
GROUP BY movs.id;

6 records
id	title	num_actress
3313672	Avengers: Age of Ultron	1
3752999	Inside Out	1
3787790	Jurassic World	9
3915213	Mad Max: Fury Road	5
4260166	Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens	15
4389619	The Martian	1

`UNION`ing

In SQL a UNION clause combines two different tables by their rows (whereas JOIN combines two tables by columns). Think about UNION similarly to the bind_rows() command in R.

Mini data tables describing how UNION binds rows and JOIN appends columns.

UNION binds rows while JOIN appends columns, image credit: Jane Williams https://blog.devart.com/mysql-union-tutorial-html.html

`UNION`s

Silly example where the column names are ignored.

SELECT 
    1 AS bar,
    2 AS foo

UNION

SELECT 
    10 AS foo,
    20 AS bar;

2 records
bar	foo
1	2
10	20

`UNION`

UNION is specifically designed to bind rows from two different SELECT queries where the variables have been selected in the same order.

Combine the top voted movies from 2015 with the top voted movies from 2019.

However, to account for time, we require the movies from 2015 to have more votes (400,000) than the movies from 2017 (200,000).

That is, the WHERE clause is different for the two subqueries.

`UNION`

(SELECT t.title, 
        t.production_year, 
        idx.info AS num_votes
    FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      
    AND idx.info > 400000)

UNION

(SELECT t.title, 
        t.production_year, 
        idx.info AS num_votes
    FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2017  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      
    AND idx.info > 200000)
LIMIT 0, 100;

Displaying records 1 - 10
title	production_year	num_votes
Avengers: Age of Ultron	2015	540606
Inside Out	2015	443051
Jurassic World	2015	471237
Mad Max: Fury Road	2015	666484
Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens	2015	691691
The Martian	2015	583987
The Revenant	2015	526189
Dunkirk	2017	229089
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2	2017	281845
Logan	2017	397056

`UNION ALL`

If the goal is to include duplicates across two tables, use UNION ALL instead of UNION.

Let’s say that the first table is all movies with production year after 2012 and number of votes greater than 500,000. The second table is movies with production year equal to 2015 and number of votes greater than 400,000.

The Martian would be in both tables.

`UNION ALL`

With just UNION

(SELECT t.title,
        t.production_year, 
        idx.info AS num_votes
    FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year > 2012  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      
    AND idx.info > 500000)

UNION

(SELECT t.title, 
        t.production_year, 
        idx.info AS num_votes
    FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      
    AND idx.info > 400000)
ORDER BY production_year DESC, num_votes;

Displaying records 1 - 10
title	production_year	num_votes
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice	2016	500037
Deadpool	2016	673887
Inside Out	2015	443051
Jurassic World	2015	471237
The Revenant	2015	526189
Avengers: Age of Ultron	2015	540606
The Martian	2015	583987
Mad Max: Fury Road	2015	666484
Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens	2015	691691
Interstellar	2014	1102826

`UNION ALL`

When UNION ALL is applied, The Martian is listed twice in the results table.

(SELECT t.title,
        t.production_year, 
        idx.info AS num_votes
    FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year > 2012  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      
    AND idx.info > 500000)

UNION ALL

(SELECT t.title, 
        t.production_year, 
        idx.info AS num_votes
    FROM title AS t
JOIN movie_info_idx AS idx ON idx.movie_id = t.id
WHERE t.production_year = 2015  
    AND t.kind_id = 1               
    AND idx.info_type_id = 100      
    AND idx.info > 400000)
ORDER BY production_year DESC, num_votes;

Displaying records 1 - 10
title	production_year	num_votes
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice	2016	500037
Deadpool	2016	673887
Inside Out	2015	443051
Jurassic World	2015	471237
The Revenant	2015	526189
The Revenant	2015	526189
Avengers: Age of Ultron	2015	540606
Avengers: Age of Ultron	2015	540606
The Martian	2015	583987
The Martian	2015	583987

`FULL JOIN` with `UNION`

sqldf::sqldf("SELECT star.name,
                     star.band,
                     inst.plays
              FROM band_members AS star
              LEFT JOIN band_instruments AS inst 
              ON star.name = inst.name
             
             UNION
             
             SELECT star.name, 
                    star.band, 
                    inst.plays
             FROM band_instruments AS inst
             LEFT JOIN band_members AS star
             ON inst.name = star.name")

  name    band  plays
1 <NA>    <NA> guitar
2 John Beatles guitar
3 Mick  Stones   <NA>
4 Paul Beatles   bass

Best practice

It is always a good idea to terminate the SQL connection when you are done with it.

DBI::dbDisconnect(con_imdb, shutdown = TRUE)

SQL joins